The theory underlying EMDR is called the Adaptive Information Processing Model and explains how trauma affects memory processing and can lead to PTSD.

The AIP model proposes that how we are viewing the world in the present is based on our past experiences. From birth, we have a natural information processing system that inceases in complexity as we develop. This system translates experiences into physically stored memories in the brain and body as memory networks. New experiences link into previously stored memories which are the basis of interpretations, feelings, and behaviors. For example, when you hear or see a dog, your memory network of all your experiences with dogs is activated, disposing you to happily say hello, to feel cautious or may set off your inner alarm system to find safety from imminent danger, despite there being no danger.   

When its working well the information processing system “digests” new experiences and assimilates this information with existing memory networks to help us make sense of experience, learn what’s useful, store emotions appropriately and is available to guide us safely in the future.  

Problems occur when an experience is too disturbing, like trauma, and the processing system becomes overwhelmed. Images, feelings, perceptions and bodily sensations can become frozen in time and stored in its own neural network, unable to connect with other memory networks that hold adaptive information. If these experiences are encoded dysfunctionally, they can be triggered by internal and external stimuli, and feel “as if” the distressing event is still happening resulting in inappropriate emotional, cognitive and behavioural reactions as well as symptoms like anxiety, nightmares and intrusive thoughts. The classic symptoms of PTSD.  

If distressing events occur in childhood when the brain is still growing and the information processing system is immature, then memories are encoded with survival mechanisms and can disrupt secure attachment. Later in life, a facial expression on a partner may evoke fear of abandonment and distancing or pursuing behaviour. A negative self-belief is understood to be an unprocessed earlier life experience that contains the emotion, felt sense and a conclusion about the self. When early life experiences remain maladaptively stored, neurobiologically, a person describing childhood trauma will not merely describe the feelings of shame and helplessness of the past, but actually experience these emotions and physical sensations in the present.

Thankfully we have EMDR, a therapeutic modality that effectively processes maladaptively stored memories and helps the brain resume its natural information processing abilities.

For more information about EMDR – CLICK HERE
For more information about Attachment Theory, adaptation and memory systems – CLICK HERE

Adapted from:
Solomon, R. M., & Shapiro, F. (2008). EMDR and the adaptive information processing model: Potential mechanisms of change. Journal of EMDR practice and Research, 2(4), 315-325.